The True Face of Scientific Dissent

We hear a lot about how scientists are supposedly squelching dissent on issues such as evolution and climate change. This is nonsense, but it might be helpful to have a case study of how accespting science is to dissenting views, as long as they are presented in the form of scientific arguments - novel explanations that are supported by data and analysis.

The March 2010 issue of Reviews of Geophysics just arrived in my mailbox. In this issue is a paper by Kutcherov and Krayushkin on "Deep-Seated Abiogenic Origin of Petroleum: From Geologic Assessment to Physical Theory." Most petroleum geologists, reject this idea and instead accept the biogenic theory (petroleum is derived from the thermal breakdown of fatty material in the remains of dead single-celled organisms in oxygen-poor sediments.) Not only that, but the abiogenic hypothesis posits that petroleum is super-abundant and that we could find it anywhere. If this were true it could case a global crash in petroleum prices, which depend on a belief in scarcity. There is a powerful incentive to suppress this hypothesis in favor of the current dogma, especially by Western petroleum geologists, most of whom work for petroleum companies. So how did this article get published?

It's very simple, they wrote it and submitted it, but most importantly, they generated evidence and the editors could not find any substantive problems with their data. These authors create a case, documenting the production of hydrocarbons from the reduction of carbonates at mantle temperatures and pressures. These experiments were not easy to do, but they document a methodology that is reasonable and they provide results that match natural petroleum profiles in at least a few cases.

This paper may well be wrong. In fact, it still seems very unlikely that most of the petroleum we extract came from anything other than dead organisms. However, the editors of the journal not only published the paper, they celebrated it, by putting two of the authors' illustrations on the front cover of this issue. That's because, whether they are ultimately right or not, the authors have produced an important new body of data that should cause everyone to re-examine the existing data and their ideas on the subject.

The truth of the matter is that novel scientific ideas, no matter how far-fetched or anti-orthodox they are, usually get more press than the accepted idea, not less, provided that they are scientific ideas, based in data and supported by analysis. The next time someone tells you that a scientific alternative is being suppressed by scientists, ask to see their data and their analysis. It is very likely that the alternative is not so scientific, after all. Otherwise, it would probably be on the front cover of some journal somewhere.

The Death of Disciplinarity

New work, funded by the National Science Foundation, provides more evidence that traditional disciplinary boundaries in the sciences have become essentially meaningless.

• Robots that have no circuity and no motors
• Programs that are written in DNA molecules, not a computer language
• Chemical reactions that create engineered structures

Biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering have effectively ceased to exist as separate disciplines. How long will it take our schools and colleges to recognize that and respond? Will it be fast enough?

Flood Forums coming to Easton and Allentown in April

Many people know about floods on the Delaware River, but did you know floods have resulted in more than $3 million in flood insurance payments in Allentown in the last 35 years?

From our partner, Kate Brandes, at the Nurture Nature Foundation in downtown Easton comes the following announcement:

Nurture Nature Foundation is excited to announce upcoming community forums on flooding in Eastonand Allentown. NNF is developing a science center about flooding. We’re asking people who work and live in Easton and Allentown to share thoughts and concerns about flooding, streams, and rivers in their community. The purpose of the “Flood Forums” is to:

1) Provide feedback from community members to decision makers, and

2) Gather ideas for our developing science center on flooding

Flood forums will be held in Easton on April 18 and April 21. In Allentown, forums will be on April 19 and 20. Please see the flyers for times and locations. All participants will receive $30. You must pre-register for the events.

Please contact Kate Brandes at 610-253-4432 or kbrandes@nurturenature.org if you are interested in participating or if you have questions.

This project is being supported by the National Science Foundation and our project partners include the Museum of Science in Boston, North Carolina Museum of Life and Science, LehighUniversity, and Lafayette College. More project details are available at:http://nurturenaturecenter.org/floodforum/index.html

There's a volcano in my kitchen, again!

In case you missed it, Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Iceland recently began erupting. There's a satellite image at NASA's Earth Observatory and it's been well-covered in a number of geological blogs, including Eruptions. But the most amazing thing to me is that you can watch it yourself, live, on streaming video with a fast frame rate. Go at night and you can see the glowing lava still fountaining from the vent. Enjoy, but be forewarned. If you are prone to being distracted, this could seriously impair your productivity.

Hooray for Texas (Really!)

Once again, the Texas State School Board has allowed the ideology of its members to dominate its discussions, leading to the curricular version of a witch hunt. Last week it was revisionist history, last year it was questioning modern science. Denying the work of generations (literally) of scientists, historians, and other thinking people, they have once again revised the standards that govern what gets taught in Texas. Since Texas is so big, it buys a lot of books, and the common wisdom is that as Texas goes, so goes the rest of the country. Major publishers need a major market and even the ones who refuse to be stooges for ideology will dumb down their materials, eliminating potentially controversial ideas, appeasing a radical minority whose ideas have little or no academic credibility. There has been a predictable amount of hand-wringing over this, but I think there might be a silver lining, at least for those of us who don't live in Texas.

I posted a link to Seth Godin's self-described rant on textbooks before. Science textbooks have repeatedly been reviewed by people without a vested interest and found wanting in both accuracy and pedagogy. They reduce complex relationships to simple lists of jargon and definitions, they cannot respond to a student's existing knowledge, and in order to sell well, they are replete with multi-color diagrams that have repeatedly been shown to confuse rather than enlighten students. Finally, in a desperate attempt to produce a book that could meet all of the mind-numbing diversity of standards in our locally-controlled education system, they are all bloated tomes, three or four times the length of comparable grade textbooks in other developed countries. They then become the de facto curriculum with teachers rushing to "cover" every chapter.

These shortcomings of science textbooks have been widely documented for some time and yet it remains an implicit assumption of American schooling that students must have textbooks and so schools continue to invest millions of dollars into a failed system making publishers wealthy, but adding no value to students' education. More enlightened districts still feel they need them, but they "buy them for use as a reference." Why buy a reference you know is inaccurate? Why pay $ for a reference at all? Excellent reference materials, from Wikipedia to the web pages and lectures of leading scientists are all available online for free. Of course, we need to teach students some media literacy to separate authoritative materials from bunk, but we need to teach them that anyway.

Back to Texas. An excellent way to begin to teach information literacy is to teach students to identify and reject sources of information that are tainted by bias. Any textbook rewritten to conform with the new Texas standards surely meets this criterion. This is where Texas may have done science education a huge favor. In the storm of publicity surrounding the effects of the new standards on textbooks, I have begun to see thoughtful science teachers questioning whether they really want their district to buy them new books next year. If Texas can finally wean education from textbooks, then hooray for Texas!

Massive Earthquake Hits Seismic "Gap" in Chile

Last night a M 8.8 earthquake struck offshore of Chile. Below is the helicorder image for the Da Vinci Science Center's seismometer, as of 9:15 AM EST, 2/27/10.


The live update of this seismometer can be found at http://www.davinci-center.org.

A detailed description of this earthquake can be found at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010tfan.php

This earthquake happened on the plate boundary between the Nazca plate and the South American plate, where the Nazca plate subducts eastward underneath the South American plate. This is the same plate boundary that gives rise to the volcanoes that form the core of the Andes Mountains. The portion of the plate boundary that slipped in this earthquake was between the portion that slipped in a M 9.5 quake in 1960 (the largest earthquake ever recorded by modern instruments), and the portion of the fault that produced a M 8.5 earthquake in 1922. Both of those earthquakes produced tsunamis that affected Hawaii and other areas of the Pacific rim. For more information of these tsunamis and others, see http://www.tsunami.org/index.html.

Textbooks

What he said! (just substitute science or math for marketing)

You might want to check out some of Seth Godin's other posts. After all, creating motivation is an everyday part of what marketers do. You might also want to check out his TED talk. What could you do in a classroom with his ideas about tribes and leadership?